scope and limitation of research

The scope of research is the areas covered in the research. This part of the research paper you will tell exactly what was done and where the information that was used specifically came from.The type of information that would be included in the scope 

of a research project would include facts and theories about the subject of the project. Depending on the subject, the scope can be large or small, as there are different materials available for different projects.
 
The limitations, also known as the bounds, is the cease of the scope of studies. When enough information has been gathered from a scope of a study, the individual who is doing the project may "wrap up" the information once a conclusion can be formed. Projects with too much information may bore or overwhelm the audience and cause the project to be ineffective due to the lack of information retained.For example, the scope would be something such as a person gathering information from children between the ages of five years of age to 18 years of age. The information could be used for several purposes, such as for school record keeping.The limitations of this study would include the decision to not gather information from students from college and up. The information for school record keeping would not include those who have already graduated high school; therefore, information collected from college students and beyond would be irrelevant.Every research project includes scopes and limitations of the material being researched. With out these two factors, the reports would be meaningless and drone on for a length of time, and would not benefit any one in the long run. For more information, please see:www.reference.com

Research Comments(8) Sat, 30 Mar 2013 15:59:43 -0600

how to write a research proposal---methodology

methodology

Research Comments(10) Tue, 12 Mar 2013 17:47:43 -0600

6 Simple Rituals To Reach Your Potential Every Day

 

It’s Tuesday morning at 8 a.m. Two San Francisco entrepreneurs are pitching their ventures to potential investors today. They’d both agree that this is one of the most important days of their lives. This is the story of Jane and Joe...

Jane was up until 4 a.m. putting the final touches on her deck. In fact, she spent the entire weekend fixed in her apartment, preparing the presentation. This morning, she woke up late and rushed putting together her most “investor-worthy” attire. She slammed a shot of espresso, grabbed her computer, and ran out the door feeling hungry and tired. She arrived right on time but felt anxious and flustered about the events of the morning.

Joe, on the other hand, went to sleep last night at 11 p.m., as he does most nights of the week. His presentation was ready Friday afternoon, after seven revisions thanks to feedback from advisors. He spent the weekend in nature connecting with friends. This morning, he woke up at 7 a.m., had a glass of water, ran two miles, meditated for 15 minutes, and drank a smoothie. He put on the outfit he picked out the evening before, grabbed his bag, and walked out the door. He arrived 10 minutes early, feeling confident, calm, and eager to share his vision with potential investors.

Which entrepreneur would you bet on?

And, which entrepreneur most closely resembles you?

1. Drink a glass of water when you wake up. Your body loses water while you sleep, so you’re naturally dehydrated in the morning. A glass of water when you wake helps start your day fresh. When do you drink your first glass of water each day?

2. Define your top 3. Every morning Mike asks himself, “What are the top three most important tasks that I will complete today?” He prioritizes his day accordingly and doesn’t sleep until the Top 3 are complete. What’s your "Top 3" today?

3. The 50/10 Rule. Solo-task and do more faster by working in 50/10 increments. Use a timer to work for 50 minutes on only one important task with 10 minute breaks in between. Mike spends his 10 minutes getting away from his desk, going outside, calling friends, meditating, or grabbing a glass of water. What’s your most important task for the next 50 minutes?

4. Move and sweat daily. Regular movement keeps us healthy and alert. It boosts energy and mood, and relieves stress. Most mornings you’ll find Mike in a CrossFit or a yoga class. How will you sweat today?

5. Express gratitude. Gratitude fosters happiness, which is why Mike keeps a gratitude journal. Every morning, he writes out at least five things he’s thankful for. In times of stress, he’ll pause and reflect on 10 things he’s grateful for. What are you grateful for today?

6. Reflect daily. Bring closure to your day through 10 minutes of reflection. Mike asks himself, “What went well?” and “What needs improvement?” So... what went well today? How can you do more of it?

Research Comments(9) Fri, 18 Jan 2013 14:29:03 -0700

write introduction

前言:有些学位论文有一个大前言。所谓大前言,就是相对每个章节而言,每个章节内往往还有一个前言。前言要讲清楚研究背景,论文涉及到的研究内容的相关进展,主要是学说、理论等方面的发展,国内外现在存在的争论,遗留的问题等等。然后要介绍所研究的对象,相关的研究积累,已经有的主要发现,还没有解决的问题或者值得进一步解决的问题。根据积累和国内外学科领域的发展,围绕感兴趣的科学问题,提出科学假说(Hypothesis),根据科学假说,提出预测 (Prediction)等。这也就是研究的目的了。选准了问题,目的就明确了。许多论文是没有问题,没有假说,只是说国内还没有相关资料,因此我就做了。现在的科学(尤其是生物科学),多数是以假说驱动的研究(hypothesis-driven),达尔文时代的那种博物学(Natural history)式的研究还是很重要,但是已经不是主流了。因此,如果你从事的不是野外考察研究,不是需要经过大量的考察和积累后才能获得一些结论性的内容的研究的话,一定要注意当今这种“问题-假说-预测-设计-实验-数据分析”的流程思维的培养。

 

 

Research Comments(1) Tue, 07 Feb 2012 17:09:12 -0700

PV modules and battery system

Electrical components of the system:

inverter

charge controller

batteries

breakers

disconnects

other BOS components.

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Supercapacitors:

low power applications

fast response times

nearly infinite cycle life

do not release heat during dischrage

can also smooth power fluctuations in electrical systems, improving power quality

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Inverters: DC->AC

battery-based inverters: actual outpot is determined by the power demand from the loads; most include built-in battery chargers and charge controllers

utility-interactive inverters operate directly from arrays, output is determined by the DC input from the array.

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Rectifier: AC->DC

A Charger is a device that combines a rectifier with filters, transformers, and other components to condition DC power for the purpose of battery charging. 

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MPPT

An MPPT circuit monitors array conditions and dynamically changes its resistance or input voltage to maximize power from an array. The rest of the MPPT works like a DC-DC converter and delivers power at any output voltage required by the load. MPPT functions are usually indlcuded with an inverter or charge controller, but may instaed be a separate component.

 

Research Comments(44) Thu, 31 Mar 2011 22:45:48 -0600

Thesis Defense

 

 http://blog.renren.com/share/201933734/5743046990

1、自己为什么选择这个课题?

2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么?

3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的?

4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何?

5、在研究本课题的过程中,发现了那些不同见解?对这些不同的意见,自己是怎样逐步认识的?又是如何处理的?

6、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些?

7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻?

8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么?

    对以上问题应仔细想一想,必要时要用笔记整理出来,写成发言提纲,在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患,临阵不慌。

二、答辩技巧

      学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要,这就是所谓“自述报告”,须强调一点的是“自述”而不是“自读”。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读,把报告变成了“读书”。“照本宣读”是第一大忌。这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要,言简意赅。不能占用过多时间,一般以十分钟为限。所谓“削繁去冗留清被,画到无时是熟时”,就是说,尽量做到词约旨丰,一语中的。要突出重点,把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明;二忌内容空泛,东拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡,没有重点。

    在答辩时,学生要注意仪态与风度,这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象,就有了一个良好的开端。有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究(如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等)认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑,挺胸显示情绪高昂—但过分则为傲慢自负;肩手颈正显示正直、刚强,脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。但过于如此,就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守,略为弯腰有度,稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过“其所具风度姿态,即使全场有肃然起敬之心,举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气”他的这番金玉良言,对我们确实有很大的启发。

在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是:

沉着冷静,边听边记

精神集中,认真思考

既要自信,又要虚心

实事求是,绝不勉强

听准听清,听懂听明

    在回答问题时所要掌握的技巧是构思时要求每个问题所要答的“中心”“症结”“关健”在哪里?从哪一个角度去回答问题最好?应举什么例子来证明?回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的“口头作文”。这就要一、文章应有论点、论据。二、有开头主体与结尾。三、有条理、有层次。四、应用词确当,语言流畅。五、应口齿清楚、语速适度。开头要简洁:单刀直入,是最好的开头,开门见山地表述观点,在答辩中是最好的办法。主体部份的表述可条分缕析,即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析,实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼,由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面,而能深入本质。条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并,整理成若干条目,列成几个小标题:分成几点,一点一点,一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃,满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来,环环相扣,条条相连,令人听完后有清楚的印象。假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲,那么沿着回答问题的主线,再穿上一些玉珠(举例子)就可以做到中心明确,条理清楚,有理有例了。

 

作为将要参加论文答辩同学,首先而且必须对自己所著的毕业论文内容有比较深刻理解和比较全面的熟悉。这是为回答毕业论文答辩委员会成员就有关毕业论文的深度及相关知识面而可能提出的论文答辩问题所做的准备。所谓“深刻的理解”是对毕业论文有横向的把握。例如题为《创建名牌产品发展民族产业》的论文,毕业论文答辩委员会可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管毕业论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”,但 参加论文答辩的学生必须对自己的毕业论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”,否则,就会出现尴尬局面。

二、论文答辩——图表穿插
任何毕业论文,无论是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能,故我认为应该有此准备。图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法,更是一种调节论文答辩会气氛的手段,特别是对私人论文答辩委员会成员来讲,长时间地听述,听觉难免会有排斥性,不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收,这样,必然对你的毕业论文答辩成绩有所影响。所以,应该在论文答辩过程中适当穿插图表或类似图表的其它媒介以提高你的论文答辩成绩。

三、论文答辩——语流适中
进行毕业论文答辩的同学一般都是首次。无数事实证明,他们论文答辩时,说话速度往往越来越快,以致毕业答辩委员会成员听不清楚,影响了毕业答辩成绩。故毕业答辩学生一定要注意在论文答辩过程中的语流速度,要有急有缓,有轻有重,不能像连珠炮似地轰向听众。

四、论文答辩——目光移动
毕业生在论文答辩时,一般可脱稿,也可半脱稿,也可完全不脱稿。但不管哪种方式,都应注意自己的目光,使目光时常地瞟向论文答辩委员会成员及会场上的同学们。这是你用目光与听众进行心灵的交流,使听众对你的论题产生兴趣的一种手段。在毕业论文答辩会上,由于听的时间过长,委员们难免会有分神现象,这时,你用目光的投射会很礼貌地将他们的神“拉”回来,使委员们的思路跟着你的思路走。

五、论文答辩——体态语辅助
虽然毕业论文答辩同其它论文答辩一样以口语为主,但适当的体态语运用会辅助你的论文答辩,使你的论文答辩效果更好。特别是手势语言的恰当运用会显得自信、有力、不容辩驳。相反,如果你在论文答辩过程中始终直挺挺地站着,或者始终如一地低头俯视,即使你的论文结构再合理、主题再新颖,结论再正确,论文答辩效果也会大受影响。所以在毕业论文答辩时,一定要注意使用体态语。

六、论文答辩——时间控制
一般在比较正规的论文答辩会上,都对辩手有答辩时间要求,因此,毕业 论文答辩学生在进行论文答辩时应重视论文答辩时间的掌握。对论文答辩时间的控制要有力度,到该截止的时间立即结束,这样,显得有准备,对内容的掌握和控制也轻车熟路,容易给毕业论文答辩委员会成员一个良好的印象。故在毕业论文答辩前应该对将要答辩的内容有时间上的估计。当然在毕业论文答辩过程中灵活地减少或增加也是对论文答辩时间控制的一种表现,应该重视。

七、论文答辩——紧扣主题
在校园中进行毕业论文答辩,往往辩手较多,因此,对于毕业论文答辩委员会成员来说,他们不可能对每一位的毕业论文内容有全面的了解,有的甚至连毕业论文题目也不一定熟悉。因此,在整个论文答辩过程中能否围绕主题进行,能否最后扣题就显得非常重要了。另外,委员们一般也容易就论文题目所涉及的问题进行提问,如界能自始至终地以论文题目为中心展开论述就会使评委思维明朗,对你的毕业论文给予肯定。

八、论文答辩——人称使用
在毕业论文答辩过程中必然涉及到人称使用问题,我建议尽量多地使用第一人称,如“我”“我们”即使论文中的材料是引用他人的,用“我们引用”了哪儿哪儿的数据或材料,特别是毕业论文大多是称自己作的,所以要更多使用而且是果断地、大胆地使用第一人称“我”和“我们”。如果是这样,会使人有这样的印象:东西是你的,工作做了不少!(摘自:《青年科学》2003.8,原文:“毕业论文答辩应注意的几个问题”

Research Comments(1) Tue, 29 Mar 2011 12:05:31 -0600

Research

Research: see what other people have not done

Research Comments(6) Fri, 18 Jun 2010 13:39:34 -0600